|
Links
Most countries and states have standards and regulations relating to well construction that must be taken into account in the design of a well. You will need to check with the appropriate authority. Many of the standards are available on-line. A comprehensive list of standards applicable to wells in USA is available at http://www.ngwa.org/ to members of the National Groundwater Association (US) (NGWA). Examples of national or industrial standards: The State Well Codes Database of the US Water Systems Council has state standards for the construction of public and private wells. Included in the searchable database is state specific information on various codes related to well construction. ASTM: American Society for Testing of Materials. http://www.astm.org/ (Standards cited may have year designations, e.g. 86 for 1986) API: American Petroleum Institute. http://api-ec.api.org/Standards/ ANSI: American National Standards Institute. http://www.ansi.org/ AWWA: American Water Works Association. http://www.awwa.org/ (See also sites such as www.normas.com and http://global.ihs.com/) Pumping costs for irrigation schemes Pumping costs are an important part of irrigation schemes and there are various web sites that provide calculators to estimate pumping costs (these may refer to surface pumps with pressurised systems and may not include capital or maintenance costs). Examples include:
New South Wales Department of Primary Industries (Agriculture) provide a free calculator to estimate the pumping costs of irrigation schemes: http://www.agric.nsw.gov.au/reader/16267
Kansas State Research and Extension ‘Fuel Cost User’ program to evaluate pumping costs: http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/mil/Resources/User%20Guides/FuelCostManual.htm
Also available from the California State University, Centre for Irrigation Technology – Agricultural Pumping Efficiency Program: http://www.pumpefficiency.org/Pumptesting/costanalysis.asp Wateright Organisation: http://www.wateright.org/site2/advisories/energy.asp Members of the NGWA can download a pump installation cost calculator from http://www.ngwa.org/. A detailed well costing program is also available to NGWA members. An on-line pump efficiency calculator is available at: www.geocities.com/Eureka/Concourse/3075/efficiency.html. Collector wells The Ranney® collector well (Reynold’s Inc) is a common type of infiltration gallery with several radiating horizontal screens connected to a large-diameter central caisson. http://www.ranneymethod.com/ For NGWA members the Horizontal Well Interest Group provides information on horizontal wells: http://www.ngwa.org/ Pitless adaptors A description of the main components of pitless adaptors can be found at: http://www.watersystemscouncil.org/wellcare/aniwell/index.cfm and their applicable standards in USA at: http://www.watersystemscouncil.org/VAiWebDocs/WSCDocs/2076317Pitless04PRINTED.pdf Kinematic viscosity Kinematic viscosity converters for different units and at different water temperatures can be found at: http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/kinematic-viscosity-d_570.html http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/water-dynamic-kinematic-viscosity-d_596.html Reynolds Number (Re) An Re calculator is included with the Well Design Toolkit but other Re calculators can be found for example at: http://efunda.com/formulae/fluids/calc_reynolds.cfm http://www.flowmeterdirectory.com/reynolds_calculator.php http://www.eesiflo.com/reynolds_number_calculator.html Corrosion indices An outline of the Langelier Stability Index (LSI) and other common saturation indices can be found at: http://www.corrosion-doctors.org/ and an on-line LSI and RSI calculator is available from: (enter Langelier into the Site Search).
|
